Bullet Busters :: essays research papers

On Wednesday, the 13th of March 1991, American Cablevision of Queens, New York, sent the first electronic "Bullet". This so-called "Bullet" was in fact, an electronic signal directed to unauthorized cable boxes causing them to turn-off. Approximately 300+ unsuspecting customers then called the cable company to complain and were subsequently taken to court for cable theft. The "Bullet" works by ordering the computer processor within the cable box to lock-up if it is authorized for all channels. Since pirate chips installed in a cable box would authorize all channels, the TV "goes black". HOW THE CABLE COMPANIES CATCH PIRATES There are several methods; here are some of the more popular. The first method is somewhat costly to the cable company, and is used usually only when they think they have a thief. A device called a Time-Domain Reflectometer(TDR) is used to send a timed signal from the cable line outside you home to your decoder. The reflected energy of the signal is measured and then compared to previous measurements to find a time difference which would indicate that the box has been tampered with. Pirates were able to get around this by installing an in-line amplifier which would weaken the reflected signal. One problem with TDR is that you need previous readings, which are not usually taken at the time of installation for a reference point. The second way is to modulate an identification signal onto the cable line at about 108 MHz. This signal sounds something like a "cuckoo", and "leaks" from the converter box where it can be picked up by cable company employees outside of suspected pirates homes using hand held receivers. Unfortunately the signals sent by the cable companies can also cause interference with FM reception within the home. A third method is to program all cable boxes from the headend to display a message. This message is displayed only by boxes which have had a test chip installed and left in. The message informs the customer that they have won a free t-shirt or something similar. They only have to go to the Cable Company HQ to pick up their prize. And what a prize it is! A FREE trip to jail! Don't fall for this. There is no free lunch. IS THERE A FIX FOR THE BULLET? Yes, there are several solutions to the problem. The "Bullet" as sent from headend causes the box to lock-up, and not output a picture. The fix is simple - unplug the power cord. After a few minutes, plug-in the box again and it should reset. At worst, the box may stay dead for up to 24 hours.

Custom as a Source of Law

Abstract The following article tries to establish the fact that the Customs are the most important source of law. It defines customs and gives information about its types and what are the requisite of a valid custom, how are they recognized and why are they recognized? In ancient days the customary laws were the only laws as they were practiced by the people. With the passage of time and modernization of society the customary laws are seen as orthodox laws and are fast receding to the statutory laws, but still the laws that are passed by the parliament has its root in the customary laws |Page Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1958646 Custom occupies an important role in regulation of human conduct in almost all the societies. In fact it is one of the oldest sources of law making, though only a few people are likely to concur with the classical Greek poet Pindar’s maxim, â€Å"Custom is the king of all†. A custom may be defined as a continuing cours e of conduct which by the acquiescence of express approval of the community observing it, has come to be regarded as fixing the norm of conduct for members of society 1.At its inception the English common law derived all its rules from a single source. Sir Carleten Kemp Allen notes 2 ‘ Blackstones â€Å" general customs† and â€Å"customs of the realm† are those fundamental principles in legal relationship which for the most part are not to be found in any express formulation, but are assumed to be inherent in our social arrangements. These are, in short, the common law itself ’. Salmond is of the opinion that custom embodies those principles which are acknowledged and approved, not by the power of the state but by the public opinion of the society at large.Thus he states ‘custom is the embodiment of those principles which have commanded themselves to the national conscience as principles of â€Å"justice† and â€Å"public utility’ 3. Jhon Austin was of the view that no folkway regardless of the fact how respected it is or how much is it followed can influence the law. He was of the view that only those conventions and folkways recognized by the sovereign through some judicial act or legislative disposition might be certified as a customary source of law. Kinds of Custom: 1. Conventional customIt is an established practice whose authority is conditional based on its acceptance and incorporation between the parties bound by it. When two parties enter into a contract generally all the terms of the contract are not set expressly and a large part of it is implied. The intention of the parties entering into an agreement can be gathered by the customary law prevalent at that time The convention custom has three stages of development. In the first stage it should have attained the status of usage. In the second stage it gets recognition through some judicial decision, and presumes the form of a precedent.After this it i s finally accepted as a statutory law. 1 Dias & Hughes: Jurisprudence,(1957) p. 34 2 Allen C. K. : Law in the making 3 Fitzgerald P. J. : Salmond on jurisprudence 2|Page Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1958646 The first section of the Indian contract act, 1872 recognizes the customs that are prevalent in the trade Legal Custom These are those which are operative per se as binding rules of law independent of any agreement between the parties. These, are of two types: 3 †¢ Local CustomHalsbury’s defined local custom as â€Å" a particular rule that has existed actually or presumptively from time immemorial and has obtained the force of law in a particular locality although contrary to or not consistent with the common law of the realm. † 4 So it can be said that a local custom prevails in a small locality. Bigamy in India is allowed in some tribal parts on account of the local custom prevalent at those places. †¢ General Custom A general custom prevails throughout the country and is the main source of the common law of the country.The custom of prohibiting the remarriage of widow in most of the communities of India, before its abolition was a general custom in the country. A general custom is prevalent is usually practiced by all the people living in the country, and is practiced throughout the land. There were many customs but it is not necessary that all are the customs are accepted. For the customs to be accepted as a valid customs it should have some requisite characteristics: 1. Reasonableness A custom must be reasonable.It must be understood that the authority of any custom is never absolute, but it is authoritative provided it confers to the norms of justice and public utility. A custom shall not be valid if it is repugnant to right and reason and is like to do more mischief than good if enforced. The true rule seems to be not that a custom to be admitted if reasonable but that it will be admitted unless it is unreasonable. The custom of recognizing the channel of the river or the stream as the boundary between two villages irrespective of the change in the path cannot be said as unreasonable and hence it was held as a valid custom 5. Halsbury: Laws of England, Vol. X. p. 2 5 Ram Dhan Lal v. Radhey Shyam, 1951 SCR 370 3|Page 2. Consistency A custom to be valid must be in conformity with statutory law. In other words it must not be against any act of Parliament. A custom should necessarily yield where it is against any law, but in many cases there can be some exception to the law or some modifications can be made to it due to any custom. 3. Compulsory observance A custom to be legally recognized as a valid custom must be observed as a right.It means the custom should be followed by all concerned without the use of force. It must be regarded not only an optional rule but as an obligatory rule or binding rule of conduct. If a custom is left to the choice of the individuals, then it is not a costmary law. If the observance of a custom is suspended for certain time than it is assumed that the custom was never in existence 6. 4. Continuity and immemorial Antiquity A custom to be valid should have been in existence from time immemorial.To quote Blackstone â€Å"A custom in order to be legal and binding, must have been used so long that the memory of man runneth not to the contrary, if anyone can show the beginning of it, it is no good custom† 7 English law has made an arbitrary limit to the legal memory. It has been fixed as 1189 A. D. – the year of accession of King Richard 1 to the throne which means, if any custom has its roots back to 1189 AD or backwards would be regarded as a valid custom. This time limit was applied in the case of Simpsons v. Wells 8. However in India the limit of 1189 A. D. is not valid 9.In India no definite year has been laid down to determine the antiquity of a custom. It need not to be beyond human memory 10. 5. Certainty Not o nly a custom should be practiced from time immemorial but, it should also be observed continuously and uninterruptedly with certainty. A custom cannot said to be valid from time immemorial unless its certainty and continuity is proved beyond doubt. Theories regarding transformation of custom into law Customary law has not only been established by legislatures or professionally trained judges, but it has come into existence because of popular acceptance and practice.There are two popular theories in this regard (1) Historical theory and, (2) Analytical theory 6. Hamperton v. Hono, (1876) 24 WR 603 7. Blackstone: Commentaries, p. 76 8. (1872) 7 QB 214 9. Gokul Chandra v. Praveen Kumari, AIR 1952 SC 926 10. Mst. Subbhani v. Nawab, ILR 1947 PC 21 4|Page 1. Historical Theory The main components of the historical theory school, namely, Savigny, Blackstone and Henry Maine have suggested that law has its existence because of the common consciousness of the people and the customary observanc e is not the cause of law but the evidence of its existence.Savigny observed, ‘customary laws completely modify or repeal a statute; it may create a new law and substitute it for statutory rule which it has abolished’. Maine regarded custom as ‘formal source of law’. James Carter also supports historical view and is of the opinion that ‘What has governed the conduct of men from the beginning of time will continue to govern to the end of time. Human nature is not likely to undergo radical change and law will forever continue to be custom’11. Criticism Dr.Allen points out that all the customs cannot be contributed to the common consciousness of the people. For instance, a ruling class quite often imposes custom on the governed. It does so for its own interests rather than the interest of the people. The customs in India such as untouchability cannot be contributed to any kind of common consciousness. Therefore any custom cannot be a source of law it should not be again public sentiments. 2. Analytical Theory The main supporter of analytical theory is John Austin who regarded custom as a historical material source.He points out that custom derives its binding force not from its own nature but by state legislation. It means custom becomes a law when it is adopted by an act of parliament or its validity has been established by any judicial decision. He further states that custom only has persuasive value. Customary practices have to be recognized by court before it can become law. Being of persuasive nature it is recognized as historical material source of law. Austin thus concludes that â€Å"Customary law is nothing but judicial law founded upon anterior system. 2† Criticism Dr. Allen has criticized Austinian theory of customary law and pointed out that the fallacy of the Austinian doctrine is in supporting that custom is not law until it has been so pronounced by a court. He observed that the truth is exactly the rev erse of it. According to him, ‘custom is firstly and essentially a law. Custom is enforced by courts because it is already a law, it does not become a law only on enforcement of court. 13’ 11 Carter James: Law, its Origin, Growth & Function, p. 20 12 Austin: Province of Jurisprudence, (1945) p. 165 13 Allen C. K. : Law in the making, pp 84 5|Page CONCLUSION Of all the various sources of law The Customary Laws are definitely the most significant source of law. In the ancient days in the absence of any legislative laws the customary laws were only the prevalent law. These are very important as these are already followed by the people and it is the very reason why many of the customary laws are even recognized today. These customary laws had the approval of the public opinion.There is no doubt that with the development of the judicial process and with the modernization of the society, the importance of custom is receding. When states came into existence they immediately ga ve recognition to the customs prevailing at that time and thus they were recognized as valid laws. But with time customary laws have receded to the statutory laws. The laws relating to sale of goods, inheritance of property, succession, property, contract, sale of goods etc. have all evolved from the customary laws. The codified Hindu laws are nothing but the codification of the prevalent customary laws with some exceptions.It would be wrong on the part of any one to say that the customary laws need recognition from the court. The customary laws are always recognized since they are always in practice. Most of the customary laws that were just in nature and were good for the society have been recognized by the parliament or the court. These laws can be sometimes invalidated if it appears that these are against the public policy and justice. One of the most important reasons why the customs are important source of law is that it that it is highly practiced in the society.So, if any ne w law is made that is contrary to the practiced customs and traditions, will not be accepted by the society. This may lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. So any law that is passed takes into consideration the customs and traditions prevalent in the society at that time. The state by its legislation only validates the existing customs. It may in some exceptional cases also modify or nullify some of the customs if it is for the welfare of most of the people of the society. So in this way the state makes laws mainly based on the customs that are good for the society 6|Page

Globalization Has Changed Over The World - 1416 Words

In the past few decades globalization has been rapidly intensifying, as nation states are being more and more interdependent towards one another culturally, politically and socially, the world has almost become a single network of complex relations between states. Although the definition of Globalization has varied and changed over the years and amongst theorist and scholars, globalization is nothing new, it has occurred since the dawn of time, rather its rate has intensified rapidly due to the advancement of technology. While Martin wolf interprets globalization as a â€Å"†¦journey, but toward an unreachable destination, the globalized world. A globalized economy in which neither distance nor national borders impede economic transactions. A world where the costs of transport and communication were zero and the barriers created by differing national jurisdictions had vanished† (Wolf, 2001: 178). An illustration of Wolfs summary for globalization could be interpreted thro ugh the European Union, in which assoicated states agree on the collective notion of democratic values and standards, its single currency Euro and its barrier free immigration policies make up the very essence of what Wolf is implying Globalization as. On the other hand, State Sovereignty is valued through the three fundamental ideas, ‘’absolute supremacy over internal affairs within its territory, absolute right to govern its people, and freedom from any external interference in the above matters† (Wang, 2004:Show MoreRelatedEssay Nations Should Promote Globalization, Not Localization1078 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization and localization are two conflicting trends in international politics today. Globalization is the spread of peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies from one area of the world to another. (Rosenau 15) Localization is the narrowing of horizons and the confinement of peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, a nd currencies to a particular geographic area. (Rosenau 16) Globalization and localization affect the world’s countries in three main areas, politicsRead MoreGlobalization And Sexuality1247 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization may be defined as the process of opening up for interactions and relationships between people of different countries around the world. The people from the world can easily interact with each other leading to influence in behaviors and characters. Sexuality refers to how people relate to sexual activities or perceive sexual matters. Sexuality may differ from one culture to the other, but the cultures are likely to influence each other’s sexual beliefs and orientation. Globalization hasRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). 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Since the end of the twentieth century, globalization changed the way people in the globalized countries are understood through language in ways that have both strengths and weaknesses. Languages have switched from being simply indicators of cultural background to being a commodity in the economic sphere. This reworking of the purpose of language has affected the growth of English worldwide and givenRead MoreGlobalization Has Changed the World in Different Way818 Words   |   4 PagesGlobalization has affected not only America but the whole world in an economic point of view. Thomas L. Friedman is one author that provides proof that globalization has improved economies such as lifestyle, business, shopping malls, and the vehicles we drive. Friedman defines globalization â€Å" as the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling corporations, countries, and individual to reach aroundRead MoreThe Global Economy Has Changed Over Time953 Words   |  4 PagesThe global economy has been evolving over time; there are patterns that have emerged which indicate similarities and differences between the past and the present century. In this paper I will analyze how the global economy has changed and what contributed to those changes. During the 19th century the cost of transportation decreased as a result of innovation. Income per capita nearly doubled across all classes in America and in Europe during the gilded age (1870-1900). 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Some of my friends argued when I asked them if globalization is changed global politics in a positive way or negative way. Some of them argued saying that globalization is a positive developmentRead MoreThe Impact of Globalization on our Society Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagescontemporary society respond to the legacies of historical globalization? In Romeo Dallaires writing, Shake Hands with the Devil, he discusses whether or not globalization has a positive impact on our society. I agree with Romeo DallaireRead MoreWe Must Be A Citizen Of A Community Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesRecently there has been a large focus placed on events that occur all around the world. Civic concerns are no longer bounded to the land that one lives on. This brings up the idea of thinking globally while acting locally, which refers to when one’s thinking is not limited to what is directly in front of them. They understand that their actions have implications elsewhere. In order to fully comprehend what it means to think globally and act locally, one must first look at how globalization and hybridity

Empirical Rule for Mean, Median, and Mode

Within sets of data, there are a variety of descriptive statistics. The mean, median and mode all give measures of the center of the data, but they calculate this in different ways: The mean is calculated by adding all of the data values together, then dividing by the total number of values.The median is calculated by listing the data values in ascending order, then finding the middle value in the list.The mode is calculated by counting how many times each value occurs. The value that occurs with the highest frequency is the mode. On the surface, it would appear that there is no connection between these three numbers. However, it turns out that there is an empirical relationship between these measures of center. Theoretical vs. Empirical Before we go on, it is important to understand what we are talking about when we refer to an empirical relationship and contrast this with theoretical studies. Some results in statistics and other fields of knowledge can be derived from some previous statements in a theoretical manner. We begin with what we know, and then use logic, mathematics, and deductive reasoning and see where this leads us. The result is a direct consequence of other known facts. Contrasting with the theoretical is the empirical way of acquiring knowledge. Rather than reasoning from already established principles, we can observe the world around us. From these observations, we can then formulate an explanation of what we have seen. Much of science is done in this manner. Experiments give us empirical data. The goal then becomes to formulate an explanation that fits all of the data. Empirical Relationship In statistics, there is a relationship between the mean, median and mode that is empirically based. Observations of countless data sets have shown that most of the time the difference between the mean and the mode is three times the difference between the mean and the median. This relationship in equation form is: Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median). Example To see the above relationship with real world data, let’s take a look at the U.S. state populations in 2010. In millions, the populations were: California - 36.4, Texas - 23.5, New York - 19.3, Florida - 18.1, Illinois - 12.8, Pennsylvania - 12.4, Ohio - 11.5, Michigan - 10.1, Georgia - 9.4, North Carolina - 8.9, New Jersey - 8.7, Virginia - 7.6, Massachusetts - 6.4, Washington - 6.4, Indiana - 6.3, Arizona - 6.2, Tennessee - 6.0, Missouri - 5.8, Maryland - 5.6, Wisconsin - 5.6, Minnesota - 5.2, Colorado - 4.8, Alabama - 4.6, South Carolina - 4.3, Louisiana - 4.3, Kentucky - 4.2, Oregon - 3.7, Oklahoma - 3.6, Connecticut - 3.5, Iowa - 3.0, Mississippi - 2.9, Arkansas - 2.8, Kansas - 2.8, Utah - 2.6, Nevada - 2.5, New Mexico - 2.0, West Virginia - 1.8, Nebraska - 1.8, Idaho - 1.5, Maine - 1.3, New Hampshire - 1.3, Hawaii - 1.3, Rhode Island - 1.1, Montana - .9, Delaware - .9, South Dakota - .8, Alaska - .7, North Dakota - .6, Vermont - .6, Wyoming - .5 The mean population is 6.0 million. The median population is 4.25 million. The mode is 1.3 million. Now we will calculate the differences from the above: Mean – Mode 6.0 million – 1.3 million 4.7 million.3(Mean – Median) 3(6.0 million – 4.25 million) 3(1.75 million) 5.25 million. While these two differences numbers do not match exactly, they are relatively close to one another. Application There are a couple of applications for the above formula. Suppose that we do not have a list of data values, but do know any two of the mean, median or mode. The above formula could be used to estimate the third unknown quantity. For instance, if we know that we have a mean of 10, a mode of 4, what is the median of our data set? Since Mean – Mode 3(Mean – Median), we can say that 10 – 4 3(10 – Median). By some algebra, we see that 2 (10 – Median), and so the median of our data is 8. Another application of the above formula is in calculating skewness. Since skewness measures the difference between the mean and the mode, we could instead calculate 3(Mean – Mode). To make this quantity dimensionless, we can divide it by the standard deviation to give an alternate means of calculating the skewness than using moments in statistics. A Word of Caution As seen above, the above is not an exact relationship. Instead, it is a good rule of thumb, similar to that of the range rule, which establishes an approximate connection between the standard deviation and range. The mean, median and mode may not fit exactly into the above empirical relationship, but there’s a good chance that it will be reasonably close.

Critique of a Research Article - 3113 Words

Comparison of language used and patterns of communication in inter-professional and multidisciplinary teams. This assignment will look at an article by Sheehan, Robertson and Ormond (2007) who are educators with speech/language, medical radiation technology and occupational therapy professional backgrounds. The researchers are professionals from Christchurch College of Education, School of Occupational Therapy and the University of Canterbury respectively. The article was published in the Journal of Inter professional Care in New Zealand. The article was chosen because it highlights the complex interactions and communication that occur in multidisciplinary and interprofessional teams. It also reflects on experience encountered during†¦show more content†¦| |ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ grounded theory |The study adopted a case study method with the researchers being | |ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ participatory action research |involved in what is being observed. The case study method is | |ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ other |therefore suitable for realist research. Rather than a research | | |method, Whittaker (2010, p.12) saw case study as more a focus of | | |study in which a variety of research method can be used. | | | | | | | | | | |Show MoreRelatedCritique Of A Research Article1750 Words   |  7 PagesCritique of a research article This paper is a critique of Alison Fuller and Lorna Unwin’s research article ‘Knowledge Workers’ as the New Apprentices: The Influence of Organisational Autonomy, Goals and Values on the Nurturing of Expertise’ Vocations and Learning’. Professor Alison Fuller, formerly of the University of Southampton, has been Chair in Vocational Education and Work at the Institute Of Education (IOE) since September 2013 while Lorna Unwin is Chair in Vocational Education at the IOERead MoreResearch Article Critique2605 Words   |  11 Pagesobjective of this assignment is to critique the research article titled ‘Staff-student relationships and their impact on nursing students’ belongingness and learning’. Polit and Beck (2008) highlighted that there is expectancy on nurses to conduct research in order to base their practice on evidence which has emerged from research. Nurses are expected to use their research findings to make informed decisions and actions with patients. The ultimate goal of research is to develop and expand ones knowledgeRead MoreA Critique Of A Quantitative Research Article1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe following is a critique of a quantitative research article with a qualitative component. 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Ways That WSQ Framework Addresses Challenges

Question: Discuss about the Ways That WSQ Framework Addresses Challenges. Answer: Ways That WSQ Framework Addresses Challenges of VUCA Environment Workforce Skills Qualification (WSQ) Framework is a Singapore system that trains adults working in various industries. WSQ is involved in crediting and setting standards for employees skills in different industries ("WSQ frameworks: HR, leadership and people management", 2017). Organizations are continuously faced with challenges that are brought by VUCA environment. This paper discusses WSQ Framework and how its addresses the challenges brought by VUCA environment. WSQ Framework is a skill developing, recognizing and certification system of employees. The framework work is developed by the Workforce Development Agency in partnership with the industry stakeholders. The WSQ aims to provide continuous education and training to employees to maintain and improve competences to offer industry expectations of their jobs (Kuruvilla Chua, 2009). The WSQ Framework is comprised of competency map, qualifications framework, competency standards and lastly a curriculum, training and assessment guides. These components ensure that the WSQ framework is appropriate and meets its objectives. VUCA environment represent factors in the business that hinder certainty and predictability in organizations. VUCA stands for volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (Berinato, 2014). Volatility refers to highly changing situations in business. Uncertainty refers to inability to predict outcome. Complexity refers to interdependences. This involves connections in the society and the economy especially as a result of globalization. Lastly, ambiguity represents the many choices that exist and emanate in business environment. These choices result to different outcomes that have impact on business. WSQ Framework offers continuous training in VUCA environment. WSQ ensures that there is progressive upgrade of employees knowledge increasing efficiencies and effectiveness in organizations (Klimplova, 2012). First, WSQ framework enables employees and employers understand the new trends in the industry and adopt change. Organizations are able to timely adopt new developments in the industry that reduces decrease in performance as a result of delayed or late adoption of change. WSQ also enable organizations predict so that they can manage volatility in businesses. Second, WSQ Framework equips employees with skill to deal with uncertainty. Employees are trained to handle uncertain outcomes that can occur in the organization. The workforce is also trained on current and more reliable methods of predicting outcomes and therefore reducing uncertainty of outcome. Third, complexities in the business environment increase with increasing globalization and other developments in the society. Co mplexities lead to interdependences that require clarity and understanding from the workforce to avoid creating a negative impact to the organization. These complexities include cultural values and new regulations. Understanding societys and other individuals culture make employees appreciate one another culture. This enhances good working relationships that improve organizational performances. The WSQ educate employees of the new regulations enabling them to adopt new changes in the society. For instance human rights, diversity and equalities have been taking a new development that has led to changes in perceptions and attitudes in business. This is a result of converging human behavior due to globalization. WSQ Framework educates employees complexities enabling them to manage them constructively. Lastly, WSQ framework analysis the business environment to offer employees and employers information enabling making of informed decisions. Information provided in WSQ Framework enables u nderstanding of different situations affecting the business. This reduces the ambiguity in choices that organizations can make. Also, the WSQ framework offers recommendations for decisions to be made in the organization for specific period that reduce ambiguity in the industry. For instance, WSQ advice on investments on technologies and skills those are timely to businesses in the industry. In general, WSQ Framework is a forefront system to addressing VUCA environment. WSQ Framework provides continuous, regular and timely training to handle challenges as brought by VUCA environment. It offers new skill, information and creates knowledge to solve issues related to VUCA environment. Addressing new skills and development in the industry enables organizations deal with VUCA environment when making decision. In summary, WSQ Framework improves skills and disseminates new information in the industry that addresses challenges brought by VUCA environment. References Berinato, S. (2014). A Framework for Understanding VUCA. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://hbr.org/2014/09/a-framework-for-understanding-vuca Klimplova, L. (2012). Employers View on Problems Related to Workforce Skills and Qualification. Journal Of Competitiveness, 4(4), 50-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2012.04.04 Kuruvilla, S. Chua, R. (2009). How Do Nations Increase Workforce Skills? Factors Influencing the Success of the Singapore Skills Development System. Global Business Review, 1(1), 11-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097215090000100102 WSQ frameworks: HR, leadership and people management. (2017). Ministry of Manpower Singapore. Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/skills-training-and-development/national-hr-capability/hr-leadership-and-people-management

Hierarchy Of Needs Essay Example For Students

Hierarchy Of Needs Essay The hierarchy of needs and the hygiene theory are alike but are also different. I shall go through each one of these theories and inform the reader of thesedifferences and similarities. Each one in its own right is correct but now thatwe near the millenium, we should rethink or atleast re-read these theories andsee if they are, in fact, still alive today. Abraham Maslow is known forestablishing the theory of a hierarchy of needs, writing that human beings aremotivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower needs need to besatisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. Maslow studied exemplary peoplesuch as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglasrather than mentally ill or neurotic people. This was a radical departure fromtwo of the chief schools of psychology of his day: Freud and B.F. Skinner. Freudsaw little difference between the motivations of humans and animals. We aresupposedly rational beings; however, we do not act that way. Such pessimism,Maslow believed, was the result of Freuds study of mentally ill people. The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens canyield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy (Motivation andPersonality). Skinner, on the other hand, studied how pigeons and white ratslearn. His motivational models were based on simple rewards such as food andwater, sex, and avoidance of pain. Say sit to your dog and give thedog a treat when it sits, and-after several repetitionsthe dog will sit whenyou command it to do so. Maslow thought that psychologists should instead studythe playfulness, affection, etc., of animals. Maslows hierarchy of needs was analternative to the depressing determinism of Freud and Skinner. He felt thatpeople are basically trustworthy, self-protecting, and self-governing. Humanstend toward growth and love. Although there is a continuous cycle of human wars,murder, deceit, etc., he believed that violence is not what human nature ismeant to be like. Violence and other evils occur when human needs are thwarted. In other words, people who are deprived of lower needs such as safety may defendthemselves by violent means. He did not believe that humans are violent becausethey enjoy violence. Or that they lie, cheat, and steal because they enjoy doingit. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological,safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can actunselfishly. He called these needs deficiency needs. As long as weare motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, towardself-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy; locking gratification makes ussick or evil. In other words, we are all needs junkies with cravingsthat must be satisfied and should be satisfied. Else, we become sick. Needs areproponent. A proponent need is one that has the greatest influence over ouractions. Everyone has a proponent need, but that need will vary amongindividuals. A teenager may have a need to feel that a group accepts him. Aheroin addict will need to satisfy his/her cravings for heroin to functionnormally in society, and will not worry about acceptance by other people. According to Maslow, when the deficiency needs are met: At once other (andhigher) needs emerge, and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate theorganism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still higher)needs emerge, and so on. As one desire is satisfied, another pops up to take itsplace. Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food,sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation,pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon aspossible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think aboutother things. Safety needs have to do with establishing stability andconsistency in a chaotic world. These needs are mostly psychological in nature. .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .postImageUrl , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:hover , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:visited , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:active { border:0!important; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:active , .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7 .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12586eba24fbf248fe3cb5fbe4c9a4f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Role Of The Author EssayWe need the security of a home and family. However, if a family is dysfunction,i.e., an abusive husband, the wife cannot move to the next level because she isconstantly concerned for her safety. Love and belongingness have to wait untilshe is no longer cringing in fear. Many in our society cry out for law and orderbecause they do not feel safe enough to go for a walk in their neighborhood. Many people, particularly those in the inner cities, unfortunately, are stuck atthis level. In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious. Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die andleave the insecurity of this world. Love and belongingness are next on theladder. Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religiousgroups, family, gangs, etc. We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to beaccepted by others. Performers appreciate applause. We need to be needed. Beercommercials, in addition to playing on sex, also often show how beer makes forcamaraderie. When was the last time you saw a beer commercial with someonedrinking beer alone? There are two types of esteem needs. First is self-esteem,which results from competence or mastery of a task. Second, theres theattention and recognition that comes from others. This is similar to thebelongingness level; however, wanting admiration has to do with the need forpower. People who have all of their lower needs satisfied, often drive veryexpensive cars because doing so raises their level of esteem. Hey, lookwhat I can affor d! The need for self-actualization is the desire tobecome more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable ofbecoming. People who have everything can maximize their potential. Theycan seek knowledge, peace, esthetic experiences, self-fulfillment, and onenesswith God, etc. It is usually middle-class to upper-class students who take upenvironmental causes, join the Peace Corps, go off to a monastery, etc. On theother hand, Herzberg`s hygiene theory is not as complicated as Maslow. Herzbergs methods still yield useful results. His use of event descriptionsencouraged honest replies, and his insistence on events of extreme feelingsensured that the important factors were mentioned. Respondents did not offer anynew event factors that were not in Herzbergs study 30 years ago. Some oldfactors, however, were noticeably absent. Salary and working conditions were notmentioned as a satisfier or as a dissatisfier, suggesting that they are notimportant as motivators or demotivators. Advancement as a satisfier did notappear as well. However, these indications could easily be due to either a smallsample or single-company bias. The event factors still split into satisfiers anddissatisfiers, confirming the duality of the Dual Factor Theory. Achievement wasstill the top motivator, and company policy the largest demotivator. Recognitionand responsibility functioned as a satisfier only half as much as in Herzbergsstudy. The relationship between factors, attitudes, and effects sti ll held. Whatwas interesting was the impact on performance. When events caused positiveattitudes, performance increased in most cases. When events caused negativeattitudes, performance decreased in most cases. Although confidentiality couldbe maintained in this study, using a survey made a poor response rate morelikely. To mitigate this effect, future studies should consider corporateendorsement of the study, a system to trace responses, or a switch to aninterview of a limited number of employees. The duration of events was used toeliminate events that never ended. These represented a state of mind more thanan event and were not applicable to the analysis. The duration of feelings wasto identify those events that were more important as a result of their lastingimpact. In general, observed differences from the 1950s data can be explained bysample bias, and the points of agreement support the contention that Herzbergsmotivational theory is alive and well in the 1990s. Herzberg thought it morelikely that the truth would emerge when an individual could describe an actualevent, especially a memorable one. To answer the second part of the question,Herzberg`s theory didn`t say anything about salaries to motivate performance. Ifound that in Maslow`s theory, salary would probably be an esteem need. Ifsomeone has a higher salary then a fellow worker, they might see the car theydrive or house they live in. The lower salary worker would see this and, inturn, be motivated if a raise was promised. So, then he could compete with hisfellow worker.